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Sources of GeV Photons and the Fermi Results

Chuck Dermer (NRL). Sources of GeV Photons and the Fermi Results. 1. GeV instrumentation and the GeV sky with the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 2. First Fermi Catalog of Gamma Ray Sources and the Fermi Pulsar Catalog 3. First Fermi AGN Catalog 4. Relativistic jet physics and blazars

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Sources of GeV Photons and the Fermi Results

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  1. Chuck Dermer (NRL) Sources of GeV Photons and the Fermi Results 1. GeV instrumentation and the GeV sky with the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 2. First Fermi Catalog of Gamma Ray Sources and the Fermi Pulsar Catalog 3.First Fermi AGN Catalog 4. Relativistic jet physics and blazars 5. g rays from cosmic rays in the Galaxy 6. g rays from star-forming galaxies and clusters of galaxies, and the diffuse extragalactic g-ray background 7. Microquasars, radio galaxies, and the extragalactic background light 8. Fermi Observations of Gamma Ray Bursts 9. Fermi acceleration, ultra-high energy cosmic rays, and Fermi Thanks to B. Lott, P. Giommi, M. Ajello Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  2. First Fermi AGN Catalog EGRET Legacy 66 hi-confidence (>5s) sources associated with AGNs (Hartman et al. 1999) [31 >10s sources (total) (10 at |b|>10)] All 66 associated with radio-loud AGNs—blazars + 1 radio galaxy 23% with BL Lac objects 77% with flat spectrum radio quasars zmax = 2.286 Blazars: optically violently variable (OVV; 50% in a day) flat radio spectrum (ar>0.5 at GHz frequencies) high optical polarization (> few %) superluminal motion Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  3. BL Lac and FSRQ: (our) definition • classify an object as a BL Lac if the equivalent width (EW) of the strongest optical emission line is < 5 Å, e.g., [O II] l3727 and [O III] l5007 classification of higher-redshift sources will preferentially use lines at shorter wavelengths (e.g., Lya l1216 and C IV l1549) than for low-redshift sources (e.g., Mg II l2798 and Ha l6563). • a Ca II H/K break ratio C < 0.4, • Wavelength coverage satisfies (lmax −lmin)/lmax > 1.7 so that at least one strong emission line would have been detected if it were present. • Sources for which no optical spectrum or of insufficient quality to determine the optical classification are listed as “unknown type” 3C 279 Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  4. FR2/FSRQ Radio Galaxies and Blazars Cygnus A 3C 279 FR1/2: radio power/morphology correlation; dividing line at  1042 ergs s-1(2×1025 W/Hz at 178 MHz) Mrk 421, z = 0.031 BL Lacs: optical emission line equivalent widths < 5 Å L ~1045 x (f/10-10 ergs cm-2 s-1) erg s-1 3C 279, z = 0.538 FR1/BL Lac 3C 296 W Comae Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  5. AGN Unification Paradigm (Urry and Padovani 1995) Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  6. g-Ray Blazars and Radio Galaxies • LAT Bright AGN Sample (LBAS); First year LAT AGN Catalog (1LAC) LBAS: 3 month source list: 2008 Aug 4 – Oct 30 1LAC: 1 year catalog: 2008 Aug 4 – 2009 July 4 LBAS: subset of 0FGL w/ 205 sources TS >100 (>10s) 106 |b|>10 sources assc. w/ AGNs 1FGL TS >25 1451 sources 1043 |b|>10 sources 1LAC TS >25 (> 4.1s) 671 assc. w/ 709 AGN (663 hi-conf. associations) (300 BL Lacs, 296 FSRQ, 41 other AGN, 72 unknown) 3EG (EGRET): 10 >10s |b|>10 sources 66 >5s blazars 1 year Fermi GeV sky Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  7. Associations (not Identifications) • Depends primarily on spatial coincidence • Catalogs used: • CRATES: Combined Radio all-Sky Targeted Eight GHz Survey • 11,000 |b|>10 flat-spectrum with positions, 8.4 GHz flux densities, ar • CGRaBS: Gandidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey • 1625 CRATES sources with similar radio and X-ray properties as EGRET blazars • BZCAT • Radio/optical list of 2700 blazars/blazar-like sources: BL Lac, FSRQ, uncertain Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  8. Associating AGNs in the 1LAC • TS map using point fit • Elliptical fits to the 95% confidence contours • 18 month EGRET sky surey: 0.62 • High-latitude 1FGL sources: 0.15 • LBAS source: 0.09 • Not complete • Not flux-limited • Not uniform • 671 assc. w/ 709 AGN • Clean sample of 599 AGN (expect ~11 false positives) • 51 low-latitude • 109 AGN “affiliations” for 104 high-latitude souces Compare 5s two-week limit for EGRET  150x10-9 -- 250x10-9 5s Flux limit as a function of sky location, assuming G = 2.2 Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  9. Major Types of Fermi AGN Abdo et al. 2010, Apj, 710, 1271 • FSRQs vs. BL Lacs • LSP (npksyn < 1014 Hz), ISP, HSP (npksyn > 1015 Hz) • Unknown • NLSy1 RG • Non-blazar AGN Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  10. Properties of 1LAC • Small number of non-blazar sources • 6 RG, 3 starburst (incl. NGC 4945), 2 SSRQs, 5 NLRGs, 10 “RQ”, other “oddballs” Redshift distributions peaking at z 1 FSRQs, at low redshift for BL Lacs • N.B.: Only 121 out of 291 1LAC BL Lacs have measured redshifts • A high BL Lac/FSRQ ratio, close to unity • A high HSP/LSP ratio among BL Lacs • Little evidence for different variability properties for FSRQs and BL Lacs • Strong correlation between photon spectral index and blazar class Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  11. Photon Index vs. Flux Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  12. Redshift Distribution • LBAS Redshifts Similar to EGRET distributions • Compare with distribution of WMAP blazars (1 Jy at 41 GHz) Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  13. Redshift Distribution • Red: FSRQ; cyan: LSP BL Lac; gray: ISP BL Lac; blue: LSP BL Lac; magenta: radio galaxies • Strong selection biases to detect soft spectrum sources at given flux level • Heavily biased against steep spectrum faint sources; therefore flat spectrum faint sources over-represented Unknown (solid) Known (dashed) Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  14. Spectral Index Distribution • Sampling separate FSRQ and BL Lac populations Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  15. Flux limits: 2.7×10-9 and 8.7×10-9 ph(> 100 MeV) cm-2 s-1 for photon index = 1.8 (dashed) and 2.2 (solid) and a galactic latitude of 40 degrees Luminosity vs. Redshift • Solid line refers to a flux limit of 4x10-8 ph(>100 MeV) cm-2 s-1 and G = 2.2 Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  16. Selection Biases • Red:FSRQ; cyan: LSP BL Lac; gray: ISP BL Lac; blue: LSP BL Lac; magenta: radio galaxies z = 0.2 1.0 0.5 • Spectral change at Lg ~ 1046 erg s-1 • Change in accretion regime? (Ghisellini et al. 2009) Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010 (100 MeV – 100 GeV)

  17. Fossati et al. (1998) Fossati et al. (1998) Blazar Sequence • Searching for the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram in blazar studies • Inverse correlation between Epeak and luminosity • Cooling model with external radiation for FSRQs (Ghisellini et al. 1998) • Selection biases from 2 Jy FSRQs (Wall & Peacock catalog), 1 Jy BL Lac (radio selected), and Einstein Slew Survey (X-ray selected) (Giommi et al. 1999; Padovani et al. 2003, Padovani 2007) Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  18. Selection Biases to the Blazar Sequence • Increased sensitivity of Fermi to high-peaked low-luminosity BL Lacs (Giommi, private comm.) • Large number of BL Lacs without redshift: are these high luminosity? • Outliers z = 2 z = 0.5 z = 0.1 Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  19. PMN J0948+0022 z=0.585 Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ, 699, 976 Understanding the Blazar Sequence • Origin of the sequence • Galaxy evolution • Elliptical hosts of blazars • BZ effect • Evolutionary behavior of FSRQs and BL Lacs • reduction of fuel from surrounding gas and dust (Cavaliere and d’Elia 2002; Böttcher and Dermer 2002) • In accord with unification of radio galaxies and blazars • Where do NLRLSy1s fit? See Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ, 699, 976 Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  20. Cooling Model for the Blazar Sequence Preliminary: not for distribution PKS 1510-089 z = 0.361 Preliminary: not for distribution • Difficulties of cooling model; e.g., Begelman, Fabian, & Rees (2008) Mrk 421 z = 0.031 Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  21. Radio/g ray Correlations • Radio/g-ray correlation important in population studies Peak g-ray flux vs. 8.4 GHz radio flux density g-ray spectral Index vs. radio luminosity Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  22. Stecker and Salamon (1996) assuming radio-g correlation RLF g-ray Population Studies Chiang and Mukherjee (1997) Narumoto and Totani (2005) gLF Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  23. g-ray Population Studies with Luminosity Function Chiang et al. (1995) Giommi and Colafrancesco (2006) Requires luminosity evolution with redshift Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  24. Physical Model of Blazars for Population Statistics Redshift and Flux Distribution of EGRET blazars, separated into 46 FSRQs and 14 BL Lac Objects (BLs). Uniform exposure: EGRET all-sky survey: Fichtel et al. (1994): 1EG Fit required positive evolution of FSRQs, negative evolution of BL Lacs consistent with blazar sequence(Dermer 2007) Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  25. Comparison of Predictions for GLAST/Fermi Predictions naively took same flux limit for BL Lacs and FSRQs, though limiting flux very sensitive to spectral index. Other physical models: Mücke and Pohl (2000) Model based on validity of blazar sequence: Inoue and Totani (2009) predict 600-1200 blazars during first year  blazar contribution to the diffuse/unresolved g-ray background Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  26. 1LAC Highlights • ~90% success rate in correlating high-latitude bright Fermi sources with AGNs • Bright extragalactic g-ray sky dominated by radio-loud AGNs/blazars • Larger fraction of BL Lacs to total than found with EGRET • Much harder GeV spectra with BL Lacs (G 2.0) than FSRQs (G 2.40) • Mean redshifts of BL Lacs (z  0.1) vs. FSRQs (z  1) • Only ~30% of LBAS detected with EGRET • Only weak correlation between peak g-ray flux and radio flux density • V/Vmax test reveals strong positive evolution for FSRQs • Combined emission between (7 – 10) × 10-8 ph cm-2 s-1 make up ~7% of EGRET extragalactic unresolved background Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  27. Backup Slides Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  28. Log N – Log S and Extragalactic g-Ray Intensity Total BL Lacs FSRQs Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

  29. Luminosity Function • Redshift-dependent luminosity function Dermer Saas-Fee Lecture 3 15-20 March 2010

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