Introducing Strategy#4

1. Introducing Strategy#4 Predict & Prove Elkhart Community Schools

2. How Well Do You Predict? 1. How many slides will this presentation have? 2. What are three words that will be mentioned in this presentation? (Predict and prove don’t count!) Elkhart Community Schools

3. What Are Predictions? “Predictions are the connecting links between prior knowledge and new information in the book. It’s the interaction of these processes that coalesce—much like sparks firing before the bright flame ignites. . .” (Gillett and Temple, 1990) Elkhart Community Schools

4. Distinctive Qualities “Predictions are related to inferring, of course, but we predict outcomes, events or actions that are confirmed or contradicted by the end of the story. Inferencesare more open-ended and may remain unresolved when the story comes to a close.” (Harvey & Goudvis) Elkhart Community Schools

5. Why Teach Predicting? • “When students make predictions, their understanding increases, and they are more interested in the reading material. • Students use their background knowledge as well as clues from the text. . .to predict and anticipate or logically “guess” what the text will be about.” (Fielding, Anderson, Pearson, 1990) Elkhart Community Schools

6. Predicting. . . • Accesses student’s topic knowledge, domain knowledge, and knowledge of text structures and text (Cooper, Lipson, Pikulski) • Sets a purpose for reading • Provides motivation—(Student reads to confirm or contradict responses.) (Palinscar and Brown) Elkhart Community Schools

7. At Risk / Dependent readers often struggle because: • they don’t predict what the selection might be about • don’t think about what they already know about a topic • don’t form images as they read. They open a book, look at words, and begin turning pages.” (Beers) Elkhart Community Schools

8. How Does Predicting Help? • “Familiarity with a particular type of text can override more limited familiarity with topic and vice versa. • The students who are generally more well-read and comfortable with a variety of text types and structures can overcome some limitations in prior knowledge.” (Cooper, Lipson, Pikulski) Elkhart Community Schools

9. Predicting is Brain-- Compatible Learning If it doesn’t get their attention, students do not learn the material. Students need an emotional hook for learning which connects then to memory. The “game” of guessing creates novelty and engages the reader. Elkhart Community Schools

10. Research Tells Us That.. • “Complex learning is enhanced by challenge and inhibited by threat.” (Caine and Caine) • If students are “guessing” before reading, the factor of failure is eliminated. No one is expected to “get it right”. It is play. Elkhart Community Schools

11. The Brain Loves Predicting • The brain seeks meaning by organizing words, numbers and ideas into meaningful patterns. • Humans naturally look for the “pattern” and want to fill in missing pieces. Elkhart Community Schools

12. Techniques to Predict and Prove Elkhart Community Schools

13. Technique One The Think Aloud Elkhart Community Schools

14. Modeling Thought Processes • “I predict that Karana will kill the will dog that attacked her brother.” • “If I bought 5 items at Target, I estimatethe price will be about $25.00.” • “My hypothesis is that combining pure sodium and water will create an explosion.” • “As I listen to this symphony, I guess that the tempo of the of the second movement will be faster.” Elkhart Community Schools

15. Technique Two Preview and Predict Elkhart Community Schools

16. Survey of Narrative Text… (Fiction) Students preview: • the book cover • title of the story • pictures and captions italicized words • the first few paragraphs (introduction) Elkhart Community Schools

17. ….Narrative Text • What type of genre will it be? • What will be the setting? • Who will be the characters? • What will be the problem? • How will the problem be solved? • What dialogue will you expect to hear? • What organization will the text have? Elkhart Community Schools

18. Survey of Expository Text- (Nonfiction) Students look through the chapter to be read. They look at: • headings, subheadings • key words • illustrations and captions • charts, graphs, tables, diagrams • introductory paragraphs Elkhart Community Schools

19. EXPOSITORY TEXT • What major topics will be covered? • What vocabulary will be used? • How will the text be organized? • Specialized predictions such as in math: What operations can you expect to use in this word problem? Why? Elkhart Community Schools

20. When Students. . . “Glance over text, they predict what they’ll see. They look for familiarwords or topics which trigger thoughts from background knowledge and establish a purpose. (Cairo) Elkhart Community Schools

21. Technique Three Anticipation and Prediction Guide Elkhart Community Schools

22. Anticipation/Prediction Guides Aid Comprehension by ~ • Activating and accessing students’ prior knowledge. • Motivating reluctant readers who search for evidence to support their answers. (Herber 1978) Elkhart Community Schools

23. Example: Anticipation Guide Summer Health Guide Before Reading: Do you agree or disagree with each statement? 1. Experts say even one bad sunburn during childhood can double your risk of getting skin cancer as an adult. 2. A wet T-shirt can protect you from getting burned. 3. Gray, green and brown sunglass lenses are the best. Elkhart Community Schools

24. Technique Four Stop, Predict, and Prove Elkhart Community Schools

25. STOP AND PREDICT • The teacher or student stops reading mid-sentence. • The teacher asks students to predict the word that will be next or what will happen next. • The teacher asks students to explain their thinking behind the prediction. Elkhart Community Schools

26. Good readers adjust the predictions they’ve made as they gain new knowledge. Students may record whether the prediction(s) they made was confirmed or disproved by pointing to evidence from the text. Predictions are: • Confirmed • Changed Elkhart Community Schools

27. Predict and Prove A key word of this strategy is PROVE When the student proves a prediction to be true, it calls for careful reading of the text. Elkhart Community Schools

28. Technique Five The Cloze Technique Elkhart Community Schools

29. Cloze Technique… To set up a cloze passage: Eliminate every 5th or 7th word in a passage, and ask the student to predict the word. This could be from their minds or a word bank. Advantages of a cloze passage: • The cloze technique encourages predictions, tests comprehension and increases recognition of semantic and syntactic clues. • Can be used for any type of text Elkhart Community Schools

30. Cloze Word Problem… The blue whale is the largest ______ on earth. A blue whale can _____160 tons. An area of the _____contains an average of 2 blue _____in every 9 square miles. In ___ area of 140 square miles, how ___ blue whales would you estimate there _____ be? Elkhart Community Schools

31. How Well Did You Predict? Check your answers: • How many slides were used? • What three words were used? How did you do? Elkhart Community Schools

32. The Payoff “In her classroom our speculations ranged the world. She breathed curiosity into us, so that each morning we came to her carrying new truths, new facts, new ideas, cupped and sheltered in our hands like captured fireflies..” John Steinbeck Elkhart Community Schools

33. Strategy#4 Predict & Prove A way to boost comprehension! Elkhart Community Schools