AgeOfExploration

1. An Age of Explorations and Isolation,1400–1800 Motivated by Christian faith and an even bigger desire for profit, Europeans explore distant lands, while Japanese and Chinese rulers isolate their societies from Europeans. Caravel, a small, light ship with triangular sails. NEXT

2. bell Ringer: What does this quote mean to you?

3. Bell Ringer: What does this quote mean to you?

4. Review: Commercial revolution • After the fall of the western Roman Empire, western Europe was fractured, but as leaders consolidated power and created unified kingdoms, travel became safer, cities arose, and demand for good increased. • The banking sector grew, credit was issued, and more people had access to money to fund trade expeditions. • The Mongols made the Silk Road safe and trade between East and West increased. • More trade = more goods = more affordable goods= = increased demand. • The Muslim world capitalized on the European demand for Eastern goods and created new trade networks.

5. Trade goods

6. Fall of Constantinople 1453 After Ottoman ruler Sultan Mehmed II takes Constantinople from the Byzantines. Many Christians flee to the West. Trade from East to West through the city declines. This causes Europeans to look for alternate trade routes.

7. SECTION 1 Europeans Explore the East For “God, Glory, and Gold” Early Contact Limited • New desire for contact with Asia develops in Europe in early 1400s Europeans Seek New Trade Routes • Main reason for exploration is to gain wealth • Contact during Crusades spurs demand for Asian goods • Muslims and Italians control trade from East to West • Other European nations want to bypass these powers Continued . . . NEXT

8. SECTION 1 continued For “God, Glory, and Gold” The Spread of Christianity • Desire to spread Christianity also spurs exploration • Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Diaswants to serve God and king Technology Makes Exploration Possible • In 1400s, the caravel makes it possible to sail against wind • Astrolabe makes navigation easier How an Astrolabe works • Magnetic compass improves tracking of direction NEXT

9. SECTION 1 Portugal Leads the Way (Portugal is the Man!) The Portuguese Explore Africa Prince Henry “The Navigator,” the son of Portugal’s king, supports exploration • In 1419, he founds navigation school on coast of Portugal • By 1460, Portuguese have trading posts along west coast of Africa NEXT

10. Bartolomeu Dias Dias voyage

11. Vasco Da Gama Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia • In 1488, Dias sails around southern tip of Africa • In 1498, Vasco da Gamasails to India • In 1499, da Gama returns to Portugal with valuable cargo

13. SECTION 1 Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean Portugal’s Trading Empire • In 1509, Portugal defeats Muslims at Battle of Diu, takes over Indian Ocean trade • In 1510, Portugal captures Goa, port city in western India • In 1511, Portugal seizes Malacca, on Malay Peninsula • These gains break Muslim-Italian hold on Asian trade Continued . . . NEXT

14. SECTION 1 continued Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean Other Nations Challenge the Portuguese • English and Dutch begin moving into Asia in 17th century • Dutch have more ships (20,000) than any other nation in 1600 • Dutch and English weaken Portuguese control of Asian trade • Dutch then overpower English • Form Dutch East India Company for Asian trade Continued . . . NEXT

15. SECTION 1 continued Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean • European Trade Outposts • • In 1619, Dutch set up trade headquarters at • Batavia, on Java • • Throughout 1600s, Dutch trade grows • • Amsterdam, Dutch capital, becomes wealthy city • • Dutch also control southern tip of Africa • The Dutch wanted a monopoly on the nutmeg trade. Nutmeg was a popular spice and drug in Europe, and it grew only on a few islands in Indonesia. In 1621 on the Island of Banda Dutch massacred a majority of the island's inhabitants, the Dutch systematically beheaded islanders and drove large groups of inhabitants off the edge of cliffs. Anyone who managed to avoid these grizzly fates were either deported to other nearby islands or enslaved replaced them with Dutch workers. • • • England’s East India Company gains strength in • India • • France also gains trade foothold in India NEXT

17. SECTION 1 Spain Also Makes Claims A Rival Power • In 1492, Christopher Columbus sails for Spain • Convinces Spanish to support plan to reach Asia by sailing west • Reaches the Americas instead • Opens Americas to exploration and colonization • In 1493, pope divides these lands between Spain and Portugal • Agreement formalized by Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 NEXT

18. Conquest of the Americas • Columbus lands in San Salvador 1492 • 1498: Vicente Yanez Pinzon: first record of a European sighting Brazil. • 1500: Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal. • Englishman John Cabot reaches N. America 1497 • French and British explorers try to find western passage to Asia over or through N. America. • Eventually, Brazil, northern S America, the Caribbean, and western and southern N. America are settled.

19. The Columbian Exchange • The Columbian Exchange • •Columbian Exchange—global transfer of food, plants, animals • •Corn, potatoes from Americas become crops in Eastern Hemisphere • •New animals, plants introduced by Europeans take hold in Americas • •European diseases kill millions of Native Americans • Horses, cows, & pigs introduced to the Americas. • Sugar cane introduced to the Americas: becomes major cash crop in S. America, the Caribbean, & eventually Florida, and Louisiana. • Demand for sugar leads to demand for coerced labor (Slavery). • Later tobacco and cotton become major cash crops

21. Columbian Exchange continued • Potatoes, corn, tomatoes, peppers, and cacao, vanilla, tobacco, beans, and peanuts introduced to Europe and eventually Asia and Africa • Potatoes and corn eventually become major crops and introduce a major source of cheap calories to Europe. • Disease: Natives have no immunity to diseases from Europe. Millions die off from small pox and other diseases brought over by Europeans. This makes it easier for Europeans to conquer Native lands.

22. Conquest of the Aztecs • Hernando Cortez and just under 600 men conquer the Aztec Empire, the most powerful Empire in MesoAmerica. • Aztecs already devastated by disease and still using mostly stone age weapons, were easy to conquer. • Neighboring tribes helped the Spanish as they hated the Aztecs.

23. Columbian exchange LEQ • CC: Columbian Exchange • How would the world be different today if Europeans had not conquered the New World? • If the Europeans just traded with the Natives instead of conquering them, how would the world be different? Think about death, war, slavery, trade, etc

24. Conquest of the Inca • Francisco Pizzaro and a group of fewer than • 200 men conquer the Inca. • Like the Aztecs, the Inca had been devastated by disease, but also by a civil war between two princes after their father died of disease. • Spanish make use of Inca road system and Spanish had horses and superior weapons: steel swords, steel armor, muskets, and cannon.

25. Bartolomé de las casas • Spanish priest who spoke out against the harsh treatment of the natives. Wrote about how cruelly the Spaniards were acting towards the Natives.

26. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

27. Triangular Trade • Boats laden with tobacco, cotton, sugar, rum, molasses, and other products produced in the new world would sail to Europe. They would drop off those products and pick up finished goods such as cloth, tools, cookware, etc. They would then sail to Africa to trade goods and guns for slaves. The slaves would be taken to the New World.

28. Slavery in the New World • The Spanish and Portuguese used both Natives and imported Africans as slaves. • British and Dutch relied more on imported Africans. • The African Slave trade had existed for centuries prior to 1492, and the New World demand for slaves used existing slave trade practices: Capture and purchase of slaves from slave traders: both European and African. • Young, healthy Africans were captured and sold into slavery. • They were packed into ships, often chained down with little room to move. Many died before ever reaching the New World.

29. Transatlantic slave Trade, cont Middle Passage Justification for slavery Racism: Whites were superior to non-whites Slaves were not useful for anything other than manual labor. Slaves were being Christianized Slaves were better off in the New World than the “savage jungle”

30. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Cont. • Life Aboard a Slave Ship • CC: Slave Trade

31. Colonial Latin American Caste System • Pennisulares: Born in Spain • Creoles: Born in the Americas to Spanish parents • Mestizos: Half Spanish/ Half Native • Mulatto: Half Spanish/ Half African • Natives & Slaves

32. Colonial Latin American Caste System

33. Sister Juana Ina de la cruz • The "worst" nun