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APA Without Agony

APA Without Agony. ALOP 242 August 28, 2009. Overview. Basic Principles Follow author-date system Credit words and ideas from other authors Give information on how to locate the source How to Create APA-style References Quotations Intext citation format Reference list entry What about…

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APA Without Agony

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  1. APA Without Agony ALOP 242August 28, 2009

  2. Overview • Basic Principles • Follow author-date system • Credit words and ideas from other authors • Give information on how to locate the source • How to Create APA-style References • Quotations • Intext citation format • Reference list entry • What about… • Free citation makers • Sources for this class • Impact of clean APA Click in lower leftcorner to returnto overview

  3. How did it start? In 1928, guidelines were 7 pages • • Introduce consistency • • Simplify life for authors and editors

  4. How does it work? • Used in social sciences to • Based on publication criteria for American Psychological Association (APA) • Acknowledge sources of information • Allow readers to locate original sources Author-date system Ferrari (2000) has classified procrastinators as arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators. Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task-delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 185-196. Retrieved from Academic Search Elite database. intext citation reference entry

  5. How does it work? Within a paper

  6. How does it work? Within the field COAUTHORS OPPOSITION Baumeister Tice Choi CITED BY FERRARI Perry Psychology Steel Philosophy

  7. How does it work?

  8. How does it work? • Citations give credit to words or ideastaken from other authors. IDEAS Tice and Baumeister (1997) reject the idea that procrastination can be a productive strategy. WORDS “Procrastination is not aneutral or innocuous form of time management, let alone a helpful or beneficial one (as some people claim)” (Tice & Baumeister, 1997, p. 456). Bam! Biff!

  9. Consider this real-life example. The first guidelines given to freelance writers areoften amended two or three times as a project begins. Experienced writers learnto write one lesson and wait for feedback. The key to productive procrastination, according to Chu and Choi, is to use delay as a proactive strategy. Where do I fit in? • Procrastination can be a productivestrategy for adapting to rapidly changing priorities (Chu & Choi, 2005).

  10. How does it work? • Two elements • Intext citations credit words and ideas (Chapter 6) • Reference list locates original source(Chapter 7) Author-date system Author-date system Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task-delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 185-196. Retrieved from Academic Search Elite database. Ferrari (2000) has classified procrastinators as arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators. intext citation reference entry

  11. Can you see the problem(s)? • Recently Steel found that traditionalexplanations of procrastination, including fear of failure, self-handi-capping, and rebelliousness, were not supported by research. In his view, only Temporal Motivation theory has been validated. (2009) Steel, P. (2009). Theories of procrastination. Retrieved from http://www.procrastinus.com

  12. What are APA’s principles? • Acknowledge any words or ideasfrom other sources. • Provide enough information to locate your sources. Author-date system

  13. Principle 1: Credit ideas References Bennis, W. (1997, Winter). The secrets of great groups. Leader to Leader, 3. Retrieved August 24, 2007, from http://www.leadertoleader.org/ knowledgecenter/L2L/winter97/bennis.html When we think of the Sistine Chapel, we think of the great artist Michelangelo. However, the credit does not belong to him alone. According to Bennis (1997), sixteen assistants helped create this masterpiece. parenthetical; no quotation marks reference entry

  14. Principle 1: Credit twice According to Bennis (1997), sixteen assistants worked with him to create this masterpiece. References Bennis, W. (1997, Winter). The secrets of great groups. Leader to Leader, 3. Retrieved from http://www.leadertoleader.org/knowledgecenter/L2L/winter97/bennis.html Parenthetical citations point to the reference list. Reference list entries point to the original.

  15. AMBROSE Did Ambrose give credit? CHILDERS "Up, up, up….” "Up, up, up…”

  16. "Up, up, up he went, until he got above the clouds. No amount of practice could have prepared the pilot and crew for what they encountered—B-24s, glittering like mica, were popping up out of the clouds over here, over there, everywhere." —Stephen Ambrose, The Wild Blue, p. 164 "Up, up, up, groping through the clouds for what seemed like an eternity. ... No amount of practice could have prepared them for what they encountered. B-24s, glittering like mica, were popping up out of the clouds all over the sky." —Thomas Childers, Wings of Morning, p. 83 Principle 1: Plagiarism check

  17. Ambrose’s apology …In each case, I footnoted the passage in question, but failed to put some words and sentences into quotation marks. I am sorry and will make relevant changes in all future editions.”—Stephen Ambrose Principle 1: Credit carefully "No amount of practice could have prepared [the pilot and crew] for what they encountered. B-24s, glittering like mica, were popping up out of the clouds" (Childers, 1995, p. 83) over here, over there, everywhere. References Childers, T. (1995). Wings of morning.New York: Perseus. parenthetical reference entry

  18. Principle 2: Locate the source Like Hansel and Gretel, follow the breadcrumb trail

  19. Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins “where change begins” (p. 140). Researcher-focused Chronology-focused In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal work in an emerging field. In 2003, he proposed solutions to global problems in Transforming Leadership. Idea-focused The innovator’s approach to leadership is exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181). Intext citation format Print quotations: (Author, year, page number).

  20. Researcher-focused Mann (2005)developed a (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination. Chronology-focused In2005, Manndeveloped a unique method for overcoming procrastination, which he calls the (10+2)*5 method. Idea-focused The (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination has three steps: work for ten minutes, take a two-minute break, and go back to work, repeating the cycle for an hour(Mann, 2005). Intext citation format Paraphrased or no page #: (Author, year).

  21. Intext citation format Quotations from Internet: (Author last name, Year, section header, paragraph #) EXAMPLE Mann (2005) developed a (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination: work for ten minutes, take a two-minute break, and go back to work, repeating the cycle for an hour. His advice seems counterintuitive: “Breaks cannot be missed. Period. Go surf the web. Now. Seriously. GO!” (Important squirrely rules section, para. 3).

  22. Acknowledge words with quotation marks and intext citation. Acknowledge ideas with intext citation only. Intext citations in ¶ What is procrastination? Steel (2008) has described procrastination as trading “short-term gain for long-term pain.” Ferrari (2000) classified procrastinators as arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators. In his view, most people occasionally put things off, but some are chronic procrastinators whose delays disrupt their lives: “Remember, 80% of us procrastinate, but 20% are procrastinators”(2005). Both Steel (2008)and Ferrari (2000, 2005) emphasized the negative. However, Chu and Choi (2005) found strategic delay could • Insert date the first time an author’s name is mentioned in a paragraph. • Place any remaining information at the end of material from a source. • Intext citations apply to one paragraph.

  23. Book Perrin, R. (2006). Pocket guide to APA style. New York: Houghton Mifflin. Journal Cuddy, C. M. (2002). Demystifying APA style. Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35-42. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Web article APA documentation. (2006). Retrieved from University of Wisconsin Writing Center Web site: http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html Reference list format Author. (Date). Retrieval information.

  24. Be complete http://www.uwisc.edu ? http://www.uwisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html

  25. Be complete Terrace, H. S., Petitto, L. A., Sanders, R. J., & Bever, T. G. (1979). Can an ape create a sentence? Science, 206, 891-902. • Washoe: The signing chimp. (n.d.) RetrievedFebruary 5, 2005, from Mrs. Smith’s class Web site: http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/classprojects.html

  26. Nonretrievable info Retrievable Include in reference list • books • web articles • videos • magazines • newsgroup postings Cite only in text Nonretrievable (S. Oh, personal communication, August 27, 2007) • letters • in-person interviews • emails • phone calls

  27. What’s the error? Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. Slate. Retrieved from http://www.google.com Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. Slate. Retrieved from http://slate.msn.com/?id=2060618 INTEXT CITATION(Plotz, 2002)

  28. What’s the error? Gesundheit, A. (2009, August 28). Interview with Kaplan librarian. Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. Slate. Retrieved from http://slate.msn.com/?id=2060618 INTEXT CITATION ONLY(A. Gesundheit, personal communication, August 28, 2009).

  29. Details, details • Principle 1 • What to quote • Block quotations • Placing parenthetical citations • No page number • Principle 2 • Finding information • No author • No date “ ”

  30. Any words from the original should be quoted. What to quote At least half the mystery novels published violate the law that the solution, once revealed, must seemto be inevitable. —Raymond Chandler • Exceptions • common language • writ of habeas corpus • situational leadership theory • common knowledge • widely known • easily availablein standard references Raymond Chandler declared that readers should feel that the solution of a mystery is “inevitable.”

  31. Quotations < 40 words • Set off someone else’s exact words with quotation marks • “Down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid”(Chandler, 1945). • Raymond Chandler (1945) believed that a detective should be“the best man in his world.”

  32. .5" Quotations 40+ words • Set off long quotations as block quotations The classic definition of a detective comes from “The Simple Art of Murder”: • Use a new line and left indent instead of quotation marks Down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid. The detective in this kind of story must be such a man. He is the hero, he is everything…. He must be, to use a rather weathered phrase, a man of honor…. (Chandler, 1945) • Preview block quotes Hint: Word will count words if you highlight them and choose Tools, Word Count.

  33. Remember intext citations Basic format: (Author, year, page or section head). Researcher-focused Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins “where change begins” (p. 140). Chronology-focused In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal work in an emerging field. In 2003, he proposed solutions to global problems in Transforming Leadership. Idea-focused The innovator’s approach to leadership is exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181).

  34. Stable page numbers • book • print version • PDF No Page # / Header? • If author/date are given in text, that information is not repeated within parentheses at the end. • Use only stable page numbers. • Use section headers for Internet sources that have them (Steel, n.d., My Definition, para. 1). According to Tannen (1991), genuine debate has been replaced by an “argument culture” in which people reflexively attack others’ positions. no page number / header?

  35. Source-reflective statement • Add comment to show where source material ends and your thoughts begin. According to Tannen (1991), genuine debate has been replaced by an “argument culture” in which people reflexively attack others’ positions. Some readers might assume that Tannen believes that everyone should just try to get along, but she makes it clear that her position is not so simplistic. source-reflective statement

  36. What about… no author? • Start with key words from title • Use only as much as necessary • Follow standard formatting • (“Personality,” 2008). • (Types of Procrastinators, 2005). • (“Procrastination,” 2008a) • (“Procrastination,” 2008b)

  37. What about…many sources? • Separate with semicolon • Alphabetize within citationto match order of reference list MULTIPLE CITATION Most researchers emphasize the negative consequences of procrastination (Ferarri, 2005; Steel, 2008; Tice & Baumeister, 1997).

  38. What about…quoted quote? • Ideally, find the original • Second-best: use as citedin to direct readers to reference list entry INDIRECT QUOTATION Procrastinators trade “short term gain for long term pain” according to Steel (as cited in Kahn, 2008). REFERENCE ENTRY Kahn, U. (2008, December 7 ). Academics invent a mathematical equation for why people procrastinate. The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/

  39. What about…no date? • Use n.d. INTEXTSteel (n.d.) defined procrastination as “to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay.” REFERENCE LISTSteel, P. (n.d.). Definition. Retrieved August 28, 2009, from Procrastination Central Web site: http://procrastinus.com

  40. What about…many authors? • Consult the Publication Manual, Table 6.1

  41. Citations: Follow the model

  42. What’s a DOI? • first spotted in EBSCO Mayer, D. (2007, June). Why write? To impact patient care! Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 323. Retrieved May 20, 2008.doi:10.1188/07.CJON.323

  43. Disclaimer None are perfect. Citations: Cite Fast www.citefast.com Leave blanks if info. Is not available.

  44. (2009). APA rules. None are perfect. Citation Machine Citation Machine (www.citationmachine.net) Bug: will start citationswith no author with date.

  45. Bedford Bibliographer http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/bbibliographer/ Has built-in hints Is most accurate Allows you to save, edit, and export Account is free

  46. check beginning and end of article • visit the home page • check links like “About Us” Dig before omitting Author • check beginning and end of article • visit the home page • check links like “About Us”

  47. Where info can hide Author Title • check beginning and end of article • distinguish site titles and subheads from article titles • visit the home page • check “About Us” Date • check beginning and end of article • look for “last updated” • generally, title is closest to article • use most recent copyrightdate (not 1997–2007) • be alert to external links

  48. Quality: Too much missing? • If several elements of a full citation are missing,is the source credible enough to use? Road rage and teens. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2007, from http://www.angelfire.com/al/alyplace/mystory.html

  49. Sources for ALOP242 AUTHOR Daniel Pink DATE (2005) TITLE A whole new mind: Why right-brainers will rule the future. PLACE OF PUBLICATION New York PUBLISHER Penguin Separate each elementwith punctuation. In reference list, use sentence casefor book andarticle titles.

  50. Follow standard model REFERENCE ENTRY Pink, D. (2005). A whole new mind: Why right-brainers will rule the future. New York: Penguin. INTEXT(Pink, 2005)

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