Maureen Mack, Ph.D. Curriculum & Instruction University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire

2. & theCider House Rules Attachment Theory Maureen Mack, Ph.D. Curriculum & Instruction University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire

3. Definitions of Secure/Insecure Attachment Types of Disordered Attachment Effects of Attachment Quality & Trauma on the Developing Brain Treatment and Strategies Overview

4. Secure attachment is an enduring affective bond characterized by a tendency to seek and maintain proximity to a specific person, particularly when under stress. – Ainsworth and Bowlby Definition of Secure Attachment

5. Characteristics of Secure Attachment • Deep, long lasting, emotional attachment • Influences mind, body, emotions, relationships, and values (Levy) • Positive affect on self-esteem, independence, enduring relationships, empathy, compassion, and resiliency

6. Critical Aspect of Attachment Emotional Sensitivity—appropriate parental emotional expression and reception. EA qualities can be observed in parents of children of any age.

7. Secure Attachment = Parents + Child Secure Attachment Instinctual urge to attach rooted in evolution

8. Attachment disorder is the inability to form loving, lasting intimate relationships Definition of Attachment Disorder

9. Characteristics of Attachment Disorder • Lack of reciprocal behavior • Rights violations • Frequent aggressive and destructive acts • Lack of remorse

10. Examples of Secure-Insecure Attachment Homer View Movie Clip from website (9,507 kb .wmv)

11. Examples of Secure-Insecure Attachment Bedtime at the Orphanage View Movie Clip from website (4,131 kb .wmv)

12. Small Group Exercise 1

13. Overview • Definitions of Secure/Insecure Attachment • Types of Disordered Attachment • Effects of Attachment Quality & Trauma on the Developing Brain • Treatment and Strategies

14. Types of Insecure Attachment Ambivalent Avoidant Disorganized

15. Ambivalent • Cling, withdraw in unfamiliar environment • Separation anxiety • Rejects efforts tocomfort, sooth

16. Avoidant • Pseudo independence and self-sufficiency • Rejects or avoids comforting • Unaffected by close,intimate contacts

17. Disorganized • Most serious form • No consistent strategy for comfort-seeking • Depression, motor-freezing, anddisassociation

18. Insecure Attachment Continuum Mild Severe

19. Mild Severe Common Causes of Disorder Attachment • Abuse • Neglect • Addiction • Multiple out of home placements • Parental death/loss

20. Hard Being An Orphan View Movie Clip from website (5,530 kb .wmv)

21. Behavioral Emotional Characteristics

22. Thought Relational Characteristics

23. Physical Moral/Spiritual Characteristics

24. Small Group Exercise 2

25. Overview • Definitions of Secure/Insecure Attachment • Types of Disordered Attachment • Effects of Attachment Quality & Trauma on the Developing Brain • Treatment and Strategies

26. Brain Development Normal Altered

27. Alarm Reactions Alter chemical wiring Traumatized infants/children Neurobehavioral problems Brain Development Fetal—first 2 years—most rapid growth; quality of caretaking impacts brain Normal Altered

28. Attachment Disorder and ADHD Bonding Breaks Attachment Deficits Symptoms of ADHD

29. Small Group Exercise 3

30. Homer Returns View Movie Clip from website (19,304 kb .wmv)

31. Overview • Definitions of Secure/Insecure Attachment • Types of Disordered Attachment • Effects of Attachment Quality & Trauma on the Developing Brain • Treatment and Strategies

32. Treatment • Create attachment patterns • Systemic approach to ward against triangulation • Holistic-integrative approaches • Revisit, revise, revitalize • Relationship healing

33. Strategies for Developing Secure Attachments • Reciprocal behaviors between child and adult • Respectful eye contact, body language • Respectful verbal language • Calming, soothing, nurturing responses • Claiming behaviors • Physical proximity and touching • Careful, deliberate listening • Accepting limits - boundaries

34. Strategies for Developing Secure Attachments • Climate and Relational • Ease and spontaneity in words and movements • Comfort in compliments, affection, appreciation • Harmony in words and actions • Preserve harmony and dignity under stress

35. Strategies for Developing Secure Attachments • Classroom Environment/Structure • Rationality • Realism • Intuitiveness • Creativity • Admit and correct mistakes • Benevolence and cooperativeness

36. Strategies for Developing Secure Attachments • Specific Instruction and Intervention Approaches • Family Bereavement Program • Character trait assessment through literature • Integration of Search Institute External/Internal Asset Checklist into curriculum, lessons activities • Role model unit • Share personal feelings and stories • Create and maintain safe, non-judgmental instructional environment • Teacher Assistance Programs

37. Small Group Exercise 4

38. References Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Wittig, B. A. (1969). Attachment and the exploratory behavior of one year olds in a strange situation. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 113-136). London: Metheun. Gallup, G. H., Moore, D. W., & Schussel, R. (1995). Disciplining children in America: A Gallup Poll Report. Princeton, NJ: The Gallup Organization. Irving, John. (1999). The Cider House Rules. Modern Library: ISBN: 0679603352  Lach, J. (1997). Facilitating developmental attachment: The road to emotional recover and behavioral change in foster and adopted children. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.  Levy, Terry, M. (editor). (2000). Handbook of Attachment Interventions. San Diego: California.  Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. (1993). Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom. Child Development, 64, 572-585.  Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 121-160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Perry, B. D., Pollard, R., Blakely, T., Baker, W., & Vigilante, D. (1995). Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation and “use-dependent” development of the brain: How “states” become “traits”. Infant Mental Health Journal, 16(4), 271-291. Terr, L. A. (1991). Chihood traumas: An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1-20. The Cider House Rules. (1999). Miramax Films.

39. Questions ?

40. Thanks for Coming! Maureen Mack, Ph.D. mackmd@uwec.edu University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire