Chapter 1 - Introduction to Electronics

1. Chapter 1 - Introduction to Electronics • Introduction • Microelectronics • Integrated Circuits (IC) Technology • Silicon Chip • Microcomputer / Microprocessor • Discrete Circuits

2. Signals • Signal Processing • Transducers http://www.eas.asu.edu/~midle/jdsp/jdsp.html

3. Signals • Voltage Sources • Current Sources • Thevenin & Norton • http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/ClickDevice/refdir.html • http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/Circuit_Design_Lab/circuit_design_lab.html • http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/CircuitElements/vcvs.html

4. Signals • Voltage Sources • Current Sources

5. Signals • Voltage Sources • Current Sources http://www.clarkson.edu/~svoboda/eta/ClickDevice/super.html http://javalab.uoregon.edu/dcaley/circuit/Circuit_plugin.html

6. Frequency Spectrum of Signals • Fourier Series • Fourier Transform • Fundamental and Harmonics • http://www.educatorscorner.com/experiments/spectral/SpecAn3.shtml frequency time

7. Frequency Spectrum of Signals • Fourier Series http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/fourier2/index.html

8. Frequency Spectrum of Signals • Fourier Series

9. Frequency Spectrum of Signals • Fourier Series

10. Frequency Spectrum of Signals • Fourier Series

11. Frequency Spectrum of Signals • Fourier Series

12. Frequency Spectrum of Signals • Fourier Series

13. Frequency Spectrum of Signals

14. Frequency Spectrum of Signals http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/fourier2/index.html http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/listen/music1.html http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/phasorlecture2/indexphasorlect2.htm

15. Analog and Digital Signals • Sampling Rate http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/sampling/index.html • Binary number system • http://scholar.hw.ac.uk/site/computing/activity11.asp • Analog-to-Digital Converter • http://www.astro-med.com/knowledge/adc.html • http://www.maxim-ic.com/design_guides/English/AD_CONVERTERS_21.pdf • Digital-to-Analog Converter • http://www.maxim-ic.com/ADCDACRef.cfm

16. Amplifiers Vin Vout Voltage gain (Av) = Vout/Vin Linear - output is proportional to input Current amplifiers current gain (Ai) = Iout/Iin Power amplifiers power gain (Ap) = Pout/Pin

17. Amplifiers • Signal Amplification • Distortion • Non-Linear Distortion • Symbols • Gains – Voltage, Power, Current • Decibels • Amplifier Power Supplies • Efficiency

18. Amplifiers Gain in terms of decibels Typical values of voltage gain, 10, 100, 1000 depending on size of input signal Decibels often used when dealing with large ranges or multiple stages Av in decibels (dB) = 20log|Av| Ai in decibels (dB) = 20log|Ai| Ap in decibels (dB) = 10log|Ap| Av = 10 000 20log|10 000| = 80dB Av = 1000 20log|1000| = 60dB Av = 100 20log|100| = 40dB Av = 10 20log|10| = 20dB Av = -10 20log|-10| = 20dB Av = 0.1 20log|0.1| = -20dB Av negative - indicates a phase change (no change in dB) dB negative - indicates signal is attenuated

19. Amplifiers • Example 1.1

20. Amplifiers • Saturation An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except for output saturation. An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except for output saturation.

21. Amplifiers • Non-Linear Transfer Characteristics and Biasing An amplifier transfer characteristic that shows considerable nonlinearity. (b) To obtain linear operation the amplifier is biased as shown, and the signal amplitude is kept small.

22. Amplifiers Circuit model of a voltage amplifier + Vin - + Vout - • EPOLY is a dependent source is SPICE; a voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS) • EPOLY has a gain of Avo • The input to EPOLY is the voltage across Ri I = 0 Vout = Avo Vin Ri = input resistance Ro = output resistance

23. + Vin - + Vout - Amplifiers Voltage amplifier with input source and load • What should we design Ro to be? • Av = Vout/Vin = Avo RL/(RL + Ro) • Let Ro < < RL to make Av maximum • Ideally Ro = 0 • Avo - gain of VCVS only, o indicates output is open • Av - gain of entire circuit • Av changes with circuit, Avo does not!

24. + Vin - + Vout - Amplifiers Input resistance of amplifier circuit • What should we design Rin to be? • Vin = Vs Ri/(Ri + Rs) • Let Rin >> Rs to make Vin = Vs • Ideally Rin = infinity If Rin = infinity, then all of Vs makes it to the the amplifier; otherwise part of the signal is lost

25. Amplifiers Basic characteristics of ideal amplifier For maximum voltage transfer Rout = 0 Rin = infinity

26. Amplifiers • Example 1.2

27. Amplifiers • Example 1.2

28. Amplifiers • Example 1.2

29. Circuit Models For Amplifiers • Voltage Amplifiers • Common Models • Show example on board

30. Circuit Models For Amplifiers • Example 1.3 • Class assignment

31. Circuit Models For Amplifiers • Other Amplifiers • Current • Transconductance • Transresistance

32. Circuit Models For Amplifiers • Example 1.4 Large-signal equivalent-circuit models of the npn BJT operating in the active mode.

33. Frequency Response of Amplifiers • Bandwidth

34. Frequency Response of Amplifiers • Bandwidth • RC Circuits – Class Exercise • Single-Time Constant Networks • http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/plots/FOC.html • http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/acWorkout/Switched_RCandRL.html

35. Frequency Response of Amplifiers • Bandwidth (a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the low-pass type.

36. Frequency Response of Amplifiers

37. Frequency Response of Amplifiers • Bandwidth

38. Frequency Response of Amplifiers (a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the high-pass type.

39. Frequency Response of Amplifiers • Example 1.5 • Class assignment

40. Frequency Response of Amplifiers • Classification of Amplifiers • Based on Frequency Response

41. Frequency Response of Amplifiers • Exercise 1.6 • Class assignment

42. The Digital Logic Inverter • Function • Transfer Characteristics • Noise Margins

43. The Digital Logic Inverter • Function • Transfer Characteristics • Noise Margins

44. The Digital Logic Inverter • Inverter Implementation