Species Diversity

1. Species Diversity

2. What is a Species? Atelopus frog discovered in Suriname, June 2007

3. The Biological Species Concept Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. - Ernst Mayr Mayr on right –in New Guinea 1928

4. Hawthorns - Crataegus

5. Hawthorns

6. Morphological Species Concept Species are assemblages of individuals with morphological features in common and are separable from other such assemblages by correlated morphological discontinuities in a number of features. - Davis and Heywood

7. Linneaus

8. How many species in genus Rubus? Red raspberry – Rubus strigosus Common blackberry – Rubus fructicosus

9. Red Crossbills – a group of sibling species

10. Red Crossbill types type 4 top, type 2 bottom

11. Sibling species in Gilia Gilia tricolor Gilia angelensis

12. Polytypic species – Song sparrows

13. Paraspecies (asexual) - yeast

14. Extinct species - Paraceratherium

15. Phylogenetic species concept • Species are determined by whether they are reproductively and geographically isolated from each other - thus they are considered to have branched apart - this would result in more species than we recognize today as any separated populations which do not exchange individuals would be considered to be isolated and thus separate lineages

16. Florida scrub jay Western scrub jay

22. Terry Erwin fogging insects

24. Box corer for sampling the deep ocean

25. Using a box corer

26. Soil bacteria diversity – in a nutrient enrichment experiment

27. Seven kinds of rarity From Deborah Rabinowitz

28. Pigweed – widespread, truly common

29. Red Mangrove – rare – large range, narrow habitat, large populations

30. Pygmy Cypress – rare –small range, wide habitat, large populations

31. Haleakala silver sword – rare – small range, narrow habitat, large population

32. Beach tiger beetle – rare – small range, narrow habitat, large population

33. Bristle grass – rare –large range, wide habitat, small populations

34. Peregrine Falcon – rare –large range, wide habitat, small populations

35. Pacific Yew – rare –large range, narrow habitat, small populations

36. Malaysian tapir– rare –small range, wide habitat, small populations

37. Alpine Lily - rare –small range, narrow habitat, small populations

38. Giant Panda - rare –small range, narrow habitat, small populations

39. World Conservation Monitoring Centre categories for rare species • Extinct – not definitely reported in 50 years • Endangered – taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if current trends continue • Vulnerable – taxa likely to move into endangered category in near future if current trends continue (USFWS calls this group threatened) • Rare – taxa with small world populations that are not at present endangered or vulnerable but are at risk • Indeterminate – taxa known to be endangered, vulnerable or rare but where there is not enough information to say which category applies • Out of danger – once endangered, vulnerable or rare but now considered relatively secure • Insufficiently known – taxa that are suspected to be endangered, vulnerable or rare but not enough is known to be sure • Threatened – any taxa considered endangered, vulnerable, rare or insufficiently known • Commercially threatened – taxa not currently threatened with extinction but where all or most populations are threatened as a sustainable commercial resource

40. Thylacine – Tasmanian wolf - Extinct?

41. Black rhino – Endangered

42. Nile crocodile - Vulnerable

43. Wood duck – Out of Danger

44. Headlines about U.S. backlog of candidate endangered species • ENDANGERED SPECIES: Obama admin confronts 'candidate species' backlog (Greenwire, 09/08/2009) • Endangered Species Backlog to Decrease Under U.S. Work Plan By William McQuillen - May 10, 2011 3:45 PM CT

45. Backlogged candidate species – Florida bonneted bat and streaked horned lark