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Bacteria

Bacteria. Characteristics of LUCA (last universal common ancestor). Members of all the domains: Conduct glycolysis Replicate DNA conservatively Have DNA that encodes peptides Produce peptides by transcription and translation using the same genetic code Have plasma membranes and ribosomes.

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Bacteria

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  1. Bacteria

  2. Characteristics of LUCA (last universal common ancestor) Members of all the domains: • Conduct glycolysis • Replicate DNA conservatively • Have DNA that encodes peptides • Produce peptides by transcription and translation using the same genetic code • Have plasma membranes and ribosomes

  3. Structure: Procaryotic.) Prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes lack a cytoskeleton; divide by binary fission. DNA is not in a membrane-enclosed nucleus. DNA is a single, circular molecule. Prokaryotes have no membrane-enclosed organelles.

  4. Cell wall; unique and varied Gram positive gram negative Lipid bilayer inside( porous) lipid bilayer, glycoprotein Glycoprotein outside outer lipopolysaccharide (impervious) many resistant to antibiotics.

  5. Reproduction: can divide, and can come together and share some genetic information.

  6. Sex is bacteria – haploid (one set of information) ring dna – one dna strand only

  7. Classic view; identified by morphology; Bacillus anthracis; rod shaped

  8. Spirillum : spiral shaped

  9. Merismopedia: cocci.round, and here colonial

  10. Nostoc, cyanobacteria.; photosynthetic

  11. New view: based on biochemistry. Recognition of tremendous variety in metabolic systems energy carbon source source Photoautotroph light CO2 Photoheterotroph light organic C Chemolithotroph inorg. CO2 Chemoheterotroph org. C org C both live and dead source of energy Corresponds to plant, animal, fungi Also, some are aerobes, some anaerobes, some can do both.

  12. Distances represent biochemical diversity; Note all eucayotes beyond protozoa are very close! Homo = Human =all animals Coprinus = mushroom Zea = corn, all higher plants Parmecium = eucaryotic protist Porphyra = red algae Costaria = brown algae

  13. Lateral gene transfer and domains Why are the three domains oddly different yet similar?

  14. LETTERNature Genetics  29, 54 - 56 (2001) Published online: 13 August 2001; | doi:10.1038/ng708 Comparable system-level organization of Archaea and Eukaryotes J. Podani1, 2, Z.N. Oltvai1, 3, H. Jeong4, B. Tombor3, A.-L. Barabási1, 4 & E. Szathmáry1, 2 1 Figure 1.Analyses based on information transfer pathways.a−d, NMDS ordinations. e,g, OC classifications. f,h, UPGMA classifications. i,j, unrooted NJ trees. (a,b,e,f,i) represent data based on substrate list;(c,d,g,h,j) are based on enzyme variables. (a,c,e,g) represent ordinal information; (b,d,f,h,i,j) represent P/A information. A, Archaea; B, Bacteria; E, Eukarya.

  15. Figure 2.Analyses based on metabolic pathways.a−d, NMDS ordinations. e,g, OC. f,h, UPGMA classifications. i,j, unrooted NJ trees. (a,b,e,f,i) represent data based on substrate list; (c,d,g,h,j) are based on enzyme variables. (a,c,e,g) represent ordinal information; (b,d,f,h,i,j) represent P/A information. A, Archaea; B, Bacteria; B1, nonparasitic bacteria; B2, parasitic bacteria; E, Eukarya. The arrow in (f) indicates the location of the Crenarchae A. pernix.

  16. Possibility of lateral gene transfer between species. Importance: movement of genes from one species to another = gm crops?

  17. Prokaryotes are the most successful organisms on Earth in terms of number of individuals. The number of prokaryotes in the ocean is perhaps 100 million times as great as the number of stars in the visible universe. They are found in every type of habitat on Earth. Every procaryote is infected by viruses, so a lot more viruses than anything else.

  18. Importance of bacteria. • Ocean plankton – photosynthetic - add Iron – reduce C02 in atmosphere • Nitrogen fixation – N2 – usable forms • 3. Decay – breakdown of organic molecules • 4. Fermentation – the glory of wine and beer • 5. Environmental cleanup – archaea.

  19. 6. Disease issues infertility – Chlamidia atherosclerosis – arterial plaque kidney stones stomach ulcers – heliobacter (Barry Marshall) cystic fibrosis – protection against typhoid 7. Bird flu – why worry? 8. Influenza – why will we never eliminate it. 9. When should a bacteria (disease) kill quickly? When slow? 10. Antibiotic resistance

  20. Dental Plaque = colony of bacteria in a biofilm.

  21. Purification of water supply • 1. Typhoid – recognition of tainted water transmission • What is clean water? Amount of fecal bacteria. • Sewage treatment • Water treatment – improvement with time until today. • Where is the water supply safest and why?

  22. Classic issue of Bad water and disease. London 1854

  23. Solutions ; Sewage Treatment • 0. put sewage somewhere else (Chicago solution) • Primary treatment – get rid of solids • what to do with them? • Secondary treatment – bacterial digestion – leaves nutrients • reclaimed water for golf courses • Tertiary treatment – chemical carbon filter, electrolytes • What to do with the water? Costs: primary - $.05 per 1000 gallon secondary$.10 per “ “ tertiary $.50 per 1000 gallons The reason Clean Water Act only went to Secondary treatment.

  24. Problems with water • Non-point sources of pollution dogs, cats, etc. high nutrients = algal growth leads to bacterial growth

  25. How to purify water • 1872 – filter through sand • 1896 – chlorination, chlorine gas now we use ozone, other oxidants • Today – aerate, chlorinate, settle, filter, rechlorinate, etc.

  26. The explanation for ‘swimmer’s or surfer’s ear Question: who has the purest water, Los Angeles or Aspen, Colorado??

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