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Suspicion of Alliances Weapons of Destruction: Machine Guns, Artillery, & Gas Trench Warfare Major Events and Battle

World War I (August 1914 - Nov. 1918). Suspicion of Alliances Weapons of Destruction: Machine Guns, Artillery, & Gas Trench Warfare Major Events and Battles Casualties and Cost. Suspicion and Alliances. Triple Alliance (Central Powers)-Germany, Austria, Italy(Ottomans replaced Italy

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Suspicion of Alliances Weapons of Destruction: Machine Guns, Artillery, & Gas Trench Warfare Major Events and Battle

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  1. World War I (August 1914 - Nov. 1918) • Suspicion of Alliances • Weapons of Destruction: Machine Guns, Artillery, & Gas • Trench Warfare • Major Events and Battles • Casualties and Cost

  2. Suspicion and Alliances • Triple Alliance (Central Powers)-Germany, Austria, Italy(Ottomans replaced Italy • in 1914), & the Triple Entente(the Allies) Great Britain, France, & Russia. • Europeans deeply distrusted each other. • Nationalism pushed countries--France to regain Alsace-Loraine, Serbia to Ind., • Russia to Pan-Slavism, Germany to industrialize and Militarism. • Countries formed mutual protection treaties to protect themselves from potential enemies. • These treaties promised each others support if it got into a dispute with another country.

  3. Paris: The First Day of Mobilization, Sunday August 2 1914 An outpouring of patriotism greeted the proclamation of war. Huge crowds thronged the avenues & squares of capital cities to express their devotion to their nations and their willingness to bear arms. Many Europeans regarded it as a sacred moment that held the promise of adventure and an escape from a humdrum existence

  4. WEAPONS OF DESTRUCTION • Industrialization & advances in technology: • armored vehicles, submarines (u-boat), aircraft (Zeppelins & Planes), bombs, • flame-thrower, tank, poison gas, grenades, & the machine gun. • Warfare strategies had not adapted to these new weapons. • -old method of men marching in orderly rows and columns • backed by cannon fire and Calvary charges proved ineffective.

  5. The Machine Gun: replaced the single-fire, short range rifle. The British Vickers fired 8 rounds per second, at a distance of 2,900 yards.

  6. Super Killing Machines: • They drove men out of their orderly rows & into trenches and foxholes. • The war, instead of being a battle of miles, became one of inches with each • side entrenched in underground shelters.

  7. Artillery: Modern industry and the arms race created artillery that fired with greater power and carried much farther than before.

  8. Battle of Verdun: • 24 million shells used, which • equated to 1,000 shells per • square meter of the • Battlefield.

  9. CHEMICAL WARFARE • Types: Mustard, Chlorine, & Phosgene • Drifted in the wind--often affected their own troops

  10. Burned body, lungs, caused • blindness, asphyxiation, and death • Chemical Warfare banned after • World War I Survivors of a Gas Attack

  11. TRENCH WARFARE Trenches stretched for 475 miles, from the North Sea in No. France to the Mts.. of the Swiss Border. Trench Line Along Western Front

  12. Soldiers preparing to go ‘over the top.’ Trench warfare consisted of mass charges of infantry preceded by long artillery bombardments.

  13. View of ‘no man’s land’ • Strip of territory between trench lines, laden with barbed wire • and landmines. • Average width--250 yards

  14. Few soldiers ever made it to the other side’s trenches.

  15. Life in the Trenches • Dangerous, boring, and terrifying • Subjected to constant artillery bombardment • Sell shock and disease--typhus & trench foot

  16. Crowded, damp, muddy & rat infested

  17. Battle of Tannenberg May-August 1914 • Germans & Austrians push Russians • out of East Prussia & Carpathian Mts. • Russians retreat beyond Brest-Litovsk, • Poland. • Russia--one million killed or wounded; • one million captured.

  18. Battle of the Marne Sept.-Nov. 1914 • Germans encounter heavy • resistance at the Marne River • French & Germans dig • defensive trenches • Halts German offensive

  19. Battle of Ypres, Belgium November 1914 • Last open Battle of the Western Front • British and French halt German advance to English Channel • German & French Casualties: 300,000 killed; 600,000 wounded

  20. Battle of Salonika, Greece Nov. 1915 • Allies sought to aid Serbia against • Bulgaria(joined Central Powers • October 1915). • By December, Serbia crushed by • Germany, Aust-Hungary, & Bulgaria • Tied up 500,000 Allied troops.

  21. Battle of Gallipoli April-Dec. 1915 • Open the Dardanelles to supply Russia • through the Black Sea. • Prevent Turks from disrupting Suez • Canal trade. • Strengthen British colonial interests • in the Middle East.

  22. Gallipoli 1915 Allied troops, mostly ANZUS (Australian & NZ, lost between 200-400,000 before retreating.

  23. Battle of Verdun February-July 1916 • German general staff believed they could win a war of attrition with the Allies. • Verdun, a series of fortifications in rolling hills. • Almost 1,000,000 killed or wounded. • French lost 325,000 (90,000 killed), in one assault at “Dead Man’s Hill.”

  24. Battle of the Somme July-Nov. 1916 • British agreed w/French that a massive assault on German forces would turn • the tide. • After a week of constant bombardment, the British came out of their trenches. • By the end of the first day, British casualties were 110, 000 (19,000 dead).

  25. Battle of the Somme 1916 • Britain lost 420,000; France-200,000; Germany-650,000. • More British soldiers died in the first three days at the Somme than • Americans in WWI, Korea & Vietnam combined. • Ends in a Stalemate

  26. Casualties & Cost • Armistice signed on November 11, 1918 @ 11 am • 10 million soldiers killed, 20 million wounded

  27. Homelessness, food shortages & high prices • 13 million civilians killed: disease, famine & injuries

  28. Industry & manufacturing dropped 25% below 1914 levels • Cities lay in ruins, transportation in some areas was impossible • Estimated total cost: $350 billion

  29. Ideals were destroyed & most Europeans were ashamed as they looked at their huge cemeteries.

  30. Reshaped the map of Europe • 8 new nations in Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, • Yugoslavia, Finland, & the Baltic States (Latvia, Estonia, & Lithuania • 4 new mandates in the Middle East (from Ottoman Empire): • Syria, Trans-Jordan, Iraq, Palestine • League of Nations--attempt to create an international organization • to settle disputes before they escalated to war

  31. Bibliography Brouwer, Rene. The First World War 1914-1918. Available at http://home.zonnet.nl/rene.brouwer/ Carlson, Robert. The Great War. The Great War Webring. Available at http://www.westfront.de/ Iavarone, Mike.World War One. Trenches on the Web. Available at http://www.worldwar1.com/ Roberts, J.M., A History of the World. Viking Penguin: New York 1995.

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