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Hypercar

Pollution Prevention Michelle Bates. Hypercar. What is a Hypercar?. Ultralight, Low-Drag, Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (HEV) 2 Sources of energy: Fuel cells, gas turbines, diesels, lean burn gasoline engines Flywheels, batteries, ultracapacitors 2 Drive trains

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Hypercar

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  1. Pollution Prevention Michelle Bates Hypercar

  2. What is a Hypercar? • Ultralight, Low-Drag, Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (HEV) • 2 Sources of energy: • Fuel cells, gas turbines, diesels, lean burn gasoline engines • Flywheels, batteries, ultracapacitors • 2 Drive trains • Internal Combustion Engine- gas or alt. fuels • Battery driven electric

  3. Drivesystems • Conventional • Internal combustion engine coupled to wheels through the transmission, driveshaft, etc. • Hybrid-Electric • Engine (or other power source) generates electricity from fuel, which then powers electric motors that turn the wheels

  4. Six Main Sources of Energy Loss in a Conventional Car:

  5. Hypercar Strategies to Reduce Energy Losses • Ultralight • 1994 Average U.S. Passenger car 1439 kg • 2000-2005 Hypercar (4-5 seat) 521 kg • Low Aerodynamic Drag • Hybrid-Electric Drivesystem • Efficient Accessories

  6. Ultralight • Composites • Embed strong reinforcing fibers in a supporting "matrix" of polymer • Advanced Composites • Long or continuous reinforcing fibers such as carbon or aramid (kevlar) in addition to glass

  7. Advantages 50-65% reduction in weight Crashworthy Design Flexibility Durability Manufacturing Disadvantages $ Advanced Composite Materials

  8. GM’s 1991 Ultralite Concept Car

  9. Mass Decompounding

  10. Low-Drag Aerodynamic Design • Smooth underbody • Low-angle windshields • Tapered rear end • Minimized body seams • Aerodynamically designed air intakes, suspension, and wheel wells • Result: 40-50% decrease in drag

  11. 1/3 engine output lost Solution lightweight car tire improvements improved wheel bearing and brake design Reduction in rolling resistance by 50-80% Rolling Resistance

  12. Series Engine with generator to supply electricity for battery pack and electric motor No mechanical connection Power transferred electrically to wheel motor Parallel Direct mechanical connection between hybrid power unit and wheels Electric motor drives the wheels Example Hybrid-Electric Drive

  13. Series Parallel Hybrid-Electric Drive

  14. Generate electricity from the fuel, powers wheel motors Electric motors can recover part of the braking energy Hybrid-Electric Drive Wheel Motor

  15. Hybrid-Electric Drive • Large decrease in engine size • reduces weight, cost, fuel consumption • Drive system efficiency doubled

  16. Efficient Accessories • Avoid heat buildup by using: • Insulation, special heat-reflecting glass, solar-powered vent fans • Innovative cooling and dehumidification systems • Improved headlights and taillights • More efficient electronics and interior lighting systems

  17. Hypercar

  18. Whole Systems Approach • Optimizing parts individually results in inefficiency overall • Hypercar is cost effective when the entire system is designed for efficiency

  19. Hypercar Safety • Advanced composites • Smaller propulsion system • room at both ends of the car for materials dedicated to crash energy management • Front and side airbags, harnesses with pretensioners and stress-limiters, padding, active headrests

  20. Pollution Prevention • Hypercars would go roughly 2-4 times farther on a unit of fuel • decreased overall carbon dioxide emissions • lower emissions per vehicle mile traveled • Alternative fuels

  21. Fuel Efficiency

  22. Life Cycle Assessment • Advanced Composites are durable • won’t rust, dent or chip • Total weight is much less, so there is less pure waste produced

  23. Current Status • Hypercars do not currently exist • Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) do exist • Chrysler, Ford and GM • Year 2000 prototype HEVs • Year 2003 release HEVs on the U.S. market • Department of Energy HEV Propulsion Program • Funds 50% of development costs

  24. Japanese market for one year Not ultralight (weighs 330 lbs. more) 66 miles per gallon Emissions reduced to 1/10th the Japanese legal requirement U.S. market year 2000 Toyota’s Hybrid-Electric Prius Sedan

  25. Future Projections • Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) • One tenth of new cars sold in five U.S. states by 2004 • Half of all vehicles Hypercars by 2020 • Overall fuel consumption 25 percent less than today's level

  26. Battery Electric Run on electricity stored in onboard batteries Gasoline contains 100 times more energy per pound than batteries Several thousand pounds of batteries (mass compounding) Range less than 150 miles Battery Electric Cars vs. Hybrid-Electric Cars

  27. Battery-Electric Batteries must be replaced every few years Batteries cost $2000-$15,000 each Batteries not recyclable Emission shifting Battery Electric Cars vs. Hybrid-Electric Cars GM’s EV1

  28. Battery Electric Cars vs. Hybrid-Electric Cars • Hybrid-Electric Cars • Wheels powered by electric motor or motors, convert fuel into energy as they go • Alternative fuel sources (Ex: renewable fuel cells) • Decrease carbon dioxide emissions • Increased engine and drive systems efficiency • Mass decompounding

  29. Economic Impacts: The Winners • Makers of power electronics, microelectronics, advanced electric motors and small engines, alternative power plants and storage devices, and software • Composite materials, structures, and tooling and manufacturing equipment suppliers • Providers of polymers, fibers, coatings, and adhesives for the composites industry • Aerospace firms

  30. Economic Impacts: Losers • Iron and steel industries (a Hypercar has 92% less iron and steel) • Heavy machine tools • Oil for motor fuel • Automotive fluids and lubricants

  31. For More Information • The Hypercar Center • www.hypercarcenter.org • Hybrid Electric Vehicle Program • www.hev.doe.gov • Rocky Mountain Institute • www.rmi.org • Toyota Prius • www.toyota.com

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